What is Macroeconomics

What is Macroeconomics Finding a Simple Macroeconomics Definition ChaptersMacroeconomic Factors in an EconomyExamples of Macroeconomic PolicyWhat is Macroeconomics? Finding an AnswerEconomics can be a difficult subject to study, regardless of whether you are studying the subject at GCSE, A-Level, or at a university. One of the main challenges of economics is that there are so many different terms and economic issues that students are expected to be familiar with.Failure to understand these core economic concepts and any underlying principles of economics can lead to difficulty following classes and moreover can make your learning experience that much more taxing.Luckily, there’s help at hand. The below article examines one of the most common terms you’ll encounter during your economics study â€" macroeconomics â€" and provides examples of where you may encounter macroeconomic policy.Of course, if you still find yourself struggling to get to grips with the definition of macroeconomics, then there’s always extra support on hand through the help of a tutor, such as the economics tutors near me that are available for hire via Superprof.Common macroeconomics definitionsAs a general rule, macroeconomics is considered to be the study of the economy in aggregate. This means that macroeconomics takes a large-scale look at economic activity and examines how the economy as a whole behaves and operates.Although there are other areas of economics you can study, such as how an individual’s behaviour can influence economic outcomes, such studies belong to the areas of microeconomic analysis or behavioural economics, and so are not generally considered within macroeconomics.However, microeconomics â€" a “bottom-up” study of economics and the economy, with a focus on individuals or companies â€" is not mutually exclusive from macroeconomics. Often, issues that concern macroeconomics, such as unemployment in an economy or wages, will also interest economists specialising in microeconomics, although they may look at the issue from a slightly different perspective.If you’re looking for a more specific definition of macroeconomics, then there are a variety of sources and economists that you can turn to for clarification.For instance, take John Maynard Keynes, who is considered to be the father of modern macroeconomics and is mentioned in many an economics textbook. In one of his most famous works, “The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money” and in subsequent writings, Keynes argued that economic output is influenced by factors such as aggregate demand, which could be improved by stimulating government spending as well as by lowering taxes.These thoughts laid the foundation for macroeconomics as we know it today, and spawned Keynesian economics, which is a particular school of economic thought.Although not every economist is a fan of Keynes’ ideas, their influence was widely felt throughout the twentieth century, and there are still proponents of his theories today, most commonly under the scho ol of new-Keynesianism.Of course, macroeconomics is not just an economic theory, as it has also shaped a number of different economic models and policies, which are examined in further detail below.Macroeconomic factors can explain changes, both positive and negative, to a nation's economy. (Source CC0 1.0, Gresham College, Flickr)Unemployment;Fiscal policy; orInflationHowever, there are a variety of items that can have a huge impact on the economy and so would fall within the remit of macroeconomic study, so macroeconomic analysts are not confined to examining the areas listed above.For example, there are a variety of macroeconomic factors that may have positive or negative effects on an economy. For example, natural disasters, such as the recent volcano eruptions in Hawaii, can be considered to be negative macroeconomic factors, as they have a downward effect on a local or national economy.This can be due to many reasons, including a depletion of natural resources, destruction of places of work or factories, or a displaced population.Another example of a negative economic factor is the recent global financial crisis, which began in the U.S.A. in 2007. The crisis led to economic downturns across the globe and is a key example of how macroeconomic factors do not always bring positive changes to an economy.There are also a number of factors which can be positive for an economy. For example, reducing the costs of goods and services can lead to increased demand for that service or product. Over time this should lead to increased revenue for those suppliers, and hopefully, the economy at large.The financial crisis in 2008 is a great example of what a student of macroeconomics might learn about. (Source: CC0 1.0, geralt, Pixabay)Examples of Macroeconomic PolicyThere are many examples of macroeconomic policy the world over, and the more you look for it, the easier it becomes to find examples of such policies.Broadly speaking, those that study macroeconomics examine one of two areas in the economy. For example, economists either study the business cycle, which looks at the cyclical nature of the production of goods and services. Usually, the performance of a business cycle is measured through GDP.Alternatively, macroeconomists tend to study what drives growth in the economy. Both methods of study keep to the core tenants of macroeconomics, namely, examining the factors that influence the economy in the aggregate.Macroeconomics is a hugely important area when it comes to setting policy objectives and measures, whether those policies are set by international bodies or governments. Such policies are aimed at encouraging growth within an economy, or to curb any slowdown that an economy may face.Often, policies that are likely to have been influenced by macroeconomics include items such as:Measures to increase employment within an economy;Setting national inflation targets;The current interest rates set by central banks; orThe rate of corporation an d individual tax rates that apply from tax year to tax year.Of course, analysis of  macroeconomic factors does not in itself dictate what economic, fiscal, or monetary policies that a government may adopt. Naturally, governments are often elected with a particular mandate, and so the policies that they introduce during their time in power may well represent their own political priorities and beliefs.For this reason, there can often be disagreements around what economic policies or models are most effective for an economy, and there’s unlikely to be any consensus between political parties the world over on this matter anytime soon. As such, macroeconomics should be viewed as one of the many tools that can be used to shape policy, but not the be all and end all in itself.Macroeconomics has an impact on economic policies adopted by governments. (Source: CC BY-SA 3.0, Nick Youngson, Alpha Stock Images)What is Macroeconomics? Finding an AnswerAs we’ve seen above, macroeconomics is pr imarily concerned with the study of the economy as a whole, on an aggregated level.As a distinct area of economics, macroeconomics is quite separate from other fields of economic studies, such as microeconomics, which is considered the “other side” to economics study. If you enjoy looking at the bigger picture and want to try and understand just how global and local economies operate the way they do, then you may find that you naturally gravitate to key areas of macroeconomic studies, such as:Employment or unemployment;Factors that influence gross domestic product; andRates of inflation.Naturally, as macroeconomics is a significant area of economic study, it’s highly likely you’ll have to learn more about macroeconomic theories and policies, such as those described above, throughout your economics classes or lectures.Regardless of whether you’re an A-level or university economics student, if you don’t enjoy studying macroeconomics then you may struggle at some point duri ng your studies. This is because, for better or worse, macroeconomics features in almost every school curriculum and university degree course.As such, if you know that you want to study economics at university, whether as a single or combined degree subject, but you just can't get to grips with the basics of macroeconomics, then it may be time to reach out for a helping hand.Although there are ways you can teach yourself about economic problems found in macroeconomics, many people find that an easier solution is to find an economics tutor to help you in your macroeconomics studies. In many ways, an economics tutor is a perfect way to help motivate you and help unlock the aspects that you find most appealing about macroeconomics.Equally, even if you’re comfortable with macroeconomic areas, but would just like a tutor to give you some more question and exam practice, then there are plenty of economics tutors out there to help as well.Superprof, for example, has a wide range of econo mics tutors who are very happy to help you with your studies, whether you would like local or online tuition. Simply enter in your postcode and the subject you’d like some help with, and you’ll be able to find your perfect tutor in no time!Read about international economy here.

When You Translate French to English Watch Out for These 3 Things

When You Translate French to English Watch Out for These 3 Things Megan L. French is one of the most beautiful of the romance languages. Spoken as the official language in 29 countries, French is the second most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union. Learning to speak and understand any language is a process of immersion. To truly understand and be able  to translate French to English  means understanding French culture and the idiosyncrasies of the language. One highly effective method for truly understanding a language beyond simply speaking it is to translate French  into your mother tongue. When learning to translate French to English, there are three areas that can prove challenging. Idiomatic expressions, false cognates, and slang are three areas that can prove challenging to translate for non-native speakers regardless of the language. To help you get started translating French, let’s take a closer look a how to translate French idioms, false cognates, and slang into English. French Idioms Every language uses  idioms on a daily basis. They often hold either a cultural or historical place in the language so it’s best to memorize them if you want to develop a good conversational base in the language. The French language is full of interesting, funny and often colorful idiomatic expressions. Many idioms, or argot have their roots in some unlikely places, while others are very close to expressions in the English language. Learning idioms can be one of the most fun tasks to developing skill in any  language. It’s an excellent way to impress and engage native speakers and it gives you the ability to learn the language beyond the common methods of grammar, gender, sentence structure, and vocabulary. The Benefit of Learning French Idioms Learning French is entertaining, and enriching. Becoming familiar with idioms and their use in conversation is a helpful tool towards fluency and can help you to attain a native speaker’s knowledge of the language. Committing French idioms to memory can take time and you should use care when learning to translate French idioms into English. While some are remarkably similar in meaning, others can have completely different meanings and it’s important to understand them from a cultural standpoint. Common French Idioms And Their English Translations The French have an obsession with the culinary arts and a surprising number of French idioms have culinary origins! While many have drastically different meanings in English, often when you translate French idioms to English, you’ll find some that  have remarkably  similar meanings. Here are some common idioms and their English translations “Ne pas être dans son assiette English: to not be on one’s plate This is a well-known expression with its roots in the culinary world. The English translation is literal, but the actual meaning in French is loosely “to feel under the weather” “Occupe-toi  de tes oignons” English: mind your onions The “culinary” based idiom, the literal translation seems silly, but the cultural “translation” is basically “mind your business.” While it’s not a phrase that would be used in polite conversation, it often pops up in more informal social situations. While some idioms (like those above) translate differently than their “cultural interpretations” some have remarkably similar meanings in both languages. For example: “Prendre le taureau par les cornes” English: to take the bull by the horns Others, while literal translations almost match, can have vastly different meanings from a cultural standpoint, like: “Avoir les dents longues” English: long in the tooth This is a perfect example. In English, this is almost a derogatory statement that means the person is old. In French, this phrase is actually a compliment meaning “to have ambition.” While most expressions differ slightly and don’t use similar words, some match up smoothly with their English equivalents because the idea behind them is almost the same, for example: English phrase: “it’s raining cats and dogs” French: “il pleut des cordes” English literal translation:   it’s raining ropes And another example: English phrase: “to have other fish to fry” French: “avoir d’autres chats â fouetter” English literal translation: to have other cats to whip Cant get enough of these funny French sayings? Check out the video below for even more French idioms. While some idiomatic speech will need to be memorized in order to understand, other colloquialisms can be figured out literally, or culturally. Often, the best course of action is to learn these in the native language, then translate French to English and see how they match up. French False Cognates Cognates are words in two different languages that look similar and mean  basically the same thing in both languages. While there are cognates between French and English, you’ll need to be careful. While French and English share a linguistic history, there are plenty of “faux amis”(false friends) between these two languages. False cognates are words that look the same in each language, but have different meanings, sometimes, vastly different meanings. When speaking with a native French speaker, improperly using these words can easily trick you into saying something senseless or embarrassing that you didn’t mean to say at all! Here are some common examples to watch out for: 1.  Ancien / Ancient While ancien can mean ancient, it’s primary meaning is “former.” For example, your ancienne voiture is the car you used to own. A good rule of thumb, if ancien comes before a noun, it usually means former, not ancient or old. 2.  Bras / Bras Votre bras means your arm, it doesn’t have anything to do with the female undergarment! The French word for bra is un-soutien-gorge. 3.  Blessé’ /Blessed Blesser means to wound, physically or emotionally. So for example un enfant blessé  isn’t a child you are expected to worship, but more likely a child who needs a bandaid! 4.  Monnaie / Money Monnaie means loose change. So technically, you could have plenty of money, but no monnaie! 5.  Déception / Deception This is a sneaky one! The verb decevoir, the noun déception and the adjective décu all mean being disappointed or disillusioned and not actually deceived. This could be a problem in conversation if you think that someone is accusing somebody of deceiving the, rather than disappointing them. 6.  Envie / Envy This is another tricky one, be careful! The verb envier can be used as “to envy” but the noun envie actually means “to desire.” For example, you could say “J’ai envie d’une glace” which means “I want ice cream,” but if you mean to say, “I envy you” be careful not to say  â€œJ’ai envie de toi”  because you’re actually saying “I want you!” This could prove to be a bit “sticky!” In any case, listen to lots of French pop music as part of your learning and you’ll not make this mistake. The phrase comes up a lot! 7.  Grand / Grand In French as in English, grand can mean great, as in un grande ècrivan â€" “a great writer,” but it can also mean “big. “ Or, when used to describe physical appearance,  â€œtall.” 8.  Joli / Jolly Joli(e) means pretty, unlike jolly in English, which means happy or joyous. 9.  Journée / Journey This is a common faux ami! Une journée translates to “one day.” So if you’re every whished a “bonne journée” they are saying “have a nice day” not wishing you “bon voyage!” 10.  Coin / Coin Coin  in French means corner, not the change jingling in your pocket! Those would be either pieces or monnaaie. Dans le coin means in the nearby or immediate neighborhood. These are just ten examples of common French false cognates. As you are learning vocabulary, make it a point to recognize, make note of, and memorize the faux ami.  It will help you as you translate French to English to make a note of them! Quiz: Can You Spot These French False Cognates? French Slang Every language has expressions and colloquialisms that add color, spice, and “native status (or ”street cred”) when spoken. French is no different, and in fact the French slang well is particularly deep, colorful, and rich! Slang is constantly evolving and often the vanguard of the young since expressions can go out of favor quickly. You may be familiar with the slang form known as “le Verlan” which is created by inverting syllables in a word. Verlan is actually an inversion of the word l’envers, which means reverse. Many common French slang terms have survived over time like un bouquin for book, and un mec for “a guy,” but with the younger generation a newer form of slang has emerged known as le parler d’jeunes. The French youth of generation “Y” have created a complex style of slang. It incorporates traditional slang, verlan,   English and Arabic word and even shorthand SMS messages into their speech, even going so far as to create compound forms like inverting syllables in Arabic words! Remember, as with slang in any language, different interpretations are possible and variations can occur regionally, and even among different age groups. Here are some common French slang expressions for you: • Faire gaffe This is common across generations and in the south. It’s an alternative to faire attention or watch our, be careful. Remember to conjugate faire properly. • Bosser / Taffer Colloquial version of travailler â€" meaning to work. When using the noun, le travail can be replaced with le boulot. •   Nickel French slang for “perfect.” When something is ok you can confirm it with this word. • Bouffer / la bouffe informal slang for “to eat” (manger) or “food (la nourriture) • Bof / Bah / Euh These are great words to use to give your speech a true “native” flair. The French equivalent of uh, or um, used to fill space.   These three are all small interjections you should incorporate in your French speaking. Bof â€" signifies mild boredom in English this roughly translates as “meh.” Euf is the French equivalent of uh, or um used to stall while “finding your words.” Bah â€" is another filler word. Usually used at the beginning of a sentence, it indicates when a person makes an obvious statement. • Mec / Nana Used pretty much throughout the country and understood as the French equivalent of “dude” and “chick” • Santé! In English we say “cheers” when celebrating with friends: In France they use santé!  It’s a way to toast to each others health. Culturally, make sure to look your guest in the eyes otherwise you may be called out for being rude! • Oh bonne mère This phrase is used primarily in Marseille and is the equivalent of “oh mon dieu.” The French language is beautiful and rich. Filled with colorful words and phrases you’ll need to be aware of these idioms, false cognates and slang phrases when you translate French to English. These are just a few of the choices you’ll have when learning to speak like a native. Like any study, immersing yourself in the local culture will yield a treasure of regional speech that can have you sounding like a native in no time! When studying the language, make sure to include current popular music and film in your studies. These are both great areas to hear idioms, false cognates and slang in everyday use. Remember, slang is constantly evolving, so when you’re progressing with your studies, make sure to stay current! It will make your speech sound even more authentic! What obstacles have you encountered in translating French to English? Share what youve learned in the comments below! Interested in Private Lessons? Search thousands of teachers for local and live, online lessons. Sign up for convenient, affordable private lessons today! Search for Your Teacher Photo by  Ã"scar Velázquez